Entre zelar e cuidar: sentidos sobre saúde-doença em dirigentes da Umbanda / Entre celar y cuidar: significados sobre salud-enfermedad en los líderes de Umbanda / Between watching over and caring: meanings about health-disease in Umbanda leaders

RESUMO Por meio da antropologia da saúde, podemos compreender o terreiro de umbanda como parte de um sistema popular de cuidado. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar as concepções de saúde e doença produzidas por zeladores de terreiro de umbanda. Participaram dez zeladores de terreiro da cidade de Uberaba (MG/Brasil), sendo três mulheres e sete homens, com idades entre 40 e 76 anos. O tempo médio de atuação como dirigente foi de 18,4 anos, variando de cinco a 43 anos. Os terreiros chefiados por esses participantes atendem entre 15 e 280 pessoas por dia de funcionamento. Pela análise das entrevistas, destaca-se que o cuidado em saúde oferecido pelos zeladores ultrapassa os limites rituais, nas cerimônias públicas, sendo prestado de modo contínuo nos terreiros. As posturas assumidas pelos entrevistados envolvem ações de escuta, acolhimento e proximidade física no momento da urgência. Pelas narrativas, pode-se concluir que o zelar, no sentido de gerenciar o espaço do terreiro, espiritual e materialmente, não pode ser dissociado do cuidar, significando os zeladores como importantes agentes populares de saúde.

RESUMEN A través de la antropología de la salud podemos entender el terreiro de umbanda como parte de un sistema de atención popular. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las concepciones de salud y enfermedad producidas por los cuidadores del terreiro de umbanda. Participaron diez cuidadores de terreiro de la ciudad de Uberaba (MG/Brasil), tres mujeres y siete hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 40 y 76 años. El tiempo promedio como gerente fue de 18.4 años, que van de cinco a 43 años. Los terreiros encabezados por estos participantes atienden entre 15 y 280 personas por día de operación. Del análisis de las entrevistas, se destaca que la atención médica ofrecida por los cuidadores va más allá de los límites rituales, en ceremonias públicas, que se brindan continuamente en los terreiros. Las actitudes asumidas por los entrevistados implican escuchar, acoger y proximidad física en el momento de urgencia. A través de las narrativas, se puede concluir que el cuidado, en el sentido de administrar el espacio del terreiro, espiritual y materialmente, no se puede disociar del cuidado, lo que significa que los cuidadores son importantes agentes de salud populares.

ABSTRACT Through health anthropology we can understand the umbanda terreiro (specific place for the religious ritual) as part of a popular system of care. This study aimed to investigate the conceptions of health and illness produced by saint keepers of umbanda terreiro. Ten leaders of the terreiros in the city of Uberaba (MG/Brazil) participated, being three women and seven men, between 40 and 76 years old. The average time of performance as a manager was 18.4 years, ranging from 5 to 43 years. The terreiros led by these participants attend between 15 and 280 people working day. The health care offered by saint keepers exceeds ritual limits in public ceremonies and is provided on a continuous basis in the terreiros. The postures assumed by the interviewees involve actions of listening, welcoming and physical proximity at the moment of urgency. From the narratives, it can be concluded that care, in the sense of managing the space of the terreiro, both spiritually and materially, can not be dissociated from caring, meaning saint keepers as important popular health.

Sociocognição e saúde mental: a 'leitura do outro' no cuidado em saúde / Cognición social y salud mental: la 'lectura de la mente' en la assistencia a salud / Social cognition and mental health: the mindreading in the healthcare work

RESUMO. Teoria da mente é a habilidade sociocognitiva de inferir pensamentos, sentimentos e intenções. É uma habilidade que sustenta as relações sociais e parece particularmente relevante para o exercício de certas atividades que estão ligadas à 'leitura do outro', como a prática de profissionais que exercem o cuidado em equipamentos de saúde, como ocorre nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial. Este estudo teórico teve o objetivo de analisar a importância das habilidades sociocognitivas para o trabalho em saúde, especialmente na saúde mental, a fim de identificar e discutir possíveis fatores que podem ter impacto na inferência que os profissionais fazem a respeito do que os usuários do serviço estão pensando, sentindo ou querendo. A análise permitiu observar as formas pelas quais a teoria da mente pode se tornar importante ferramenta para o profissional no processo terapêutico. Além disso, foi possível identificar que, no formato em que tem funcionado atualmente, o trabalho em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial tem exposto o profissional a diversos estressores que parecem produzir efeitos em suas habilidades sociocognitivas, podendo prejudicar não apenas sua saúde como também o exercício do cuidado.

RESUMEN. Teoría de la mente es la capacidad sociocognitiva de inferir pensamientos, sentimientos e intenciones. Es una habilidad que apoya las relaciones sociales y parece particularmente relevante para el ejercicio de determinadas actividades que están vinculadas a 'leer al otro', como la práctica de los profesionales que brindan atención en equipos de salud, como ocurre en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial. Este estudio teórico tuvo como objetivo analizar la importancia de las habilidades socio-cognitivas para el trabajo en salud, especialmente en salud mental, buscando identificar y discutir posibles factores que pueden incidir en la inferencia que hacen los profesionales sobre lo que piensan, sienten o sienten los usuarios del servicio. El análisis permitió observar las formas en que la teoría de la mente puede convertirse en una herramienta importante para los profesionales en el proceso terapéutico. Además, se pudo identificar que, en el formato en el que se ha operado actualmente, el trabajo en Centros de Atención Psicosocial ha expuesto a los profesionales a diversos estresores que parecen afectar sus habilidades sociocognitivas, los cuales pueden perjudicar no solo su salud sino también el ejercicio del cuidado.

ABSTRACT. Theory of mind is a social cognition ability to infer thoughts, feelings and intentions. It is a skill that underpins social relationships and seems particularly relevant to the exercise of certain activities linked to mindreading, such as healthcare practice, for example, in Psychosocial Care Centers. This theoretical study aims to analyze the importance of social cognition skills for mental health practitioners, seeking to identify and discuss possible factors that impact how these professionals infer what service users are thinking, feeling or wanting. The analysis allowed us to observe how the theory of mind can become an important tool for professionals in the therapeutic process. In particular, the study concludes that work in Psychosocial Care Centers has exposed professionals to various stressors that seem to have an effect on their social cognition skills, which can harm not only their health but also their ability to attend to the needs of service users.

Trolley dilemma in the sky: Context matters when civilians and cadets make remotely piloted aircraft decisions.

Crews operating remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) in military operations may be among the few that truly experience tragic dilemmas similar to the famous Trolley Problem. In order to analyze decision-making and emotional conflict of RPA operators within Trolley-Problem-like dilemma situations, we created an RPA simulation that varied mission contexts (firefighter, military and surveillance as a control condition) and the social "value" of a potential victim. We found that participants (Air Force cadets and civilian students) were less likely to make the common utilitarian choice (sacrificing one to save five), when the value of the one increased, especially in the military context. However, in the firefighter context, this decision pattern was much less pronounced. The results demonstrate behavioral and justification differences when people are more invested in a particular context despite ostensibly similar dilemmas.

Doctor Eusebio Hernández Pérez, patriota insigne y Padre de la obstetricia cubana / Doctor Eusebio Hernandez Perez, outstanding patriot and Father of Cuban Obstetrics

RESUMEN Patriota, médico y científico cubano, especialista en Obstetricia y Ginecología, Eusebio Hernández Pérez fue combatiente de las tres guerras del siglo xix por la independencia de Cuba. Como hombre de ciencias obtuvo notables reconocimientos y dejó una apreciable obra escrita en el terreno de la Obstetricia y la Ginecología. Fue un destacado revolucionario cubano, historiador y partícipe de los hechos narrados, y un excepcional profesor de Obstetricia y Ginecología de la Universidad de la Habana durante 30 años (AU).

SUMMARY Cuban patriot, physician and scientist, specialist in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eusebio Hernandez Perez was fighter of the three wars for Cuban independence in the XIX century. As a man of sciences he got remarkable recognitions and led a substantial written work in the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He was an outstanding Cuban revolutionary, historian and participant of the events recounted and an exceptional professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Havana for thirty years (AU).

Wired Emotions: Ethical Issues of Affective Brain-Computer Interfaces.

Ethical issues concerning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have already received a considerable amount of attention. However, one particular form of BCI has not received the attention that it deserves: Affective BCIs that allow for the detection and stimulation of affective states. This paper brings the ethical issues of affective BCIs in sharper focus. The paper briefly reviews recent applications of affective BCIs and considers ethical issues that arise from these applications. Ethical issues that affective BCIs share with other neurotechnologies are presented and ethical concerns that are specific to affective BCIs are identified and discussed.

Vivência de mães com filhos diagnosticados com síndrome de down / Living of mothers with children diagnosticated with down syndrome / Experiencia de madres con niños diagnosticados con síndrome de down

Objetivo: compreender a vivência de mães de filhos com síndrome de Down. Método: pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, qualitativa, desenvolvida com mães de crianças diagnosticadas com Síndrome de Down acompanhadas pela Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas por meio da técnica de história de vida oral. A análise de conteúdo subsidiou a análise dos dados. Resultados: participaram do estudo, seis mães de crianças com Síndrome de Down. Da análise emergiram três categorias: Vivenciando o diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down; as transformações no cotidiano e suas implicações; e, A assistência de saúde dispensadas as mães com crianças diagnosticadas com Síndrome de Down. Conclusão: pode-se compreender as vivências de mães de crianças diagnosticadas com Síndrome de Down. Identificou-se emoções e sentimentos experimentados no momento do diagnóstico, os quais perpassaram durante todo o desenvolvimento do filho e incidiram sobre o processo de maternagem.(AU)

Objective: to understand the experience of mothers of children with Down syndrome. Method: descriptive and exploratory, qualitative research, developed with mothers of children diagnosed with Down Syndrome accompanied by the Association of Parents and Friends of the Exceptional. Data collection took place through interviews using the oral life history technique. Content analysis supported the data analysis. Results: six mothers of children with Down syndrome participated in the study. Three categories emerged from the analysis: Experiencing the Down Syndrome diagnosis; The transformations in daily life and its implications; and, the health care provided to mothers with children diagnosed with Down Syndrome. Conclusion: the experiences of mothers of children diagnosed with Down Syndrome can be understood. Emotions and feelings experienced at the moment of diagnosis were identified, which permeated throughout the child's development and focused on the mothering process.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de madres de niños con síndrome de Down. Método: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria, desarrollada con madres de niños diagnosticados con Síndrome de Down acompañados por la Asociación de Padres y Amigos de los Excepcionales. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas utilizando la técnica de historia de vida oral. El análisis de contenido apoyó el análisis de datos. Resultados: seis madres de niños con síndrome de Down participaron en el estudio. Del análisis surgieron tres categorías: experimentar el diagnóstico del síndrome de Down; Las transformaciones en la vida diaria y sus implicaciones; y, la atención médica brindada a madres con niños diagnosticados con Síndrome de Down. Conclusión: se pueden entender las experiencias de madres de niños diagnosticados con síndrome de Down. Se identificaron las emociones y los sentimientos experimentados en el momento del diagnóstico, que impregnaron todo el desarrollo del niño y se centraron en el proceso de maternidad.(AU)

"se eu soubesse, não teria vindo": implicações e desafios da entrevista qualitativa / "si supiera, no estaría aquí": implicaciones y desafíos de la entrevista cualitativa / "if i had known, i wouldn't have come": implications and challenges of qualitative interview

RESUMO Por se tratar de uma técnica que privilegia a investigação do sentido, a entrevista é uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas em pesquisas qualitativas. Faz-se necessária, portanto, uma reflexão sobre seu uso. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os desafios, para a equipe de pesquisa, na utilização da entrevista qualitativa e seus possíveis impactos à pessoa entrevistada. A análise, sustentada em trechos de entrevistas extraídos de diferentes projetos, debruçou-se sobre dois aspectos: 1. a relação entre pesquisadores e participantes; e 2. possíveis implicações para entrevistados. Discute-se que a entrevista se constitui no campo intersubjetivo pesquisador-participante, com variabilidades e influências contextuais, que estão para além da possibilidade de controle total sobre o processo, evidenciando o papel ativo de ambos no acontecimento da entrevista. A respeito das implicações, observa-se que a entrevista possibilita um momento oportuno para a expressão de experiências não reveladas em outros contextos e que, ao revisitar sua história, a percepção sobre ela e sobre si pode se alterar ao longo da narração. Estes aspectos fazem com que a entrevista seja momento de constituição de sentidos e não de mero relato, o que pode também implicar mobilização de afetos. Diante dessas questões, nota-se que a entrevista pode oferecer, concomitantemente, risco de sofrimento e possibilidade de ressignificação para os participantes. Concluímos que, tanto do ponto de vista ético quanto da viabilidade da pesquisa, é necessário para a condução da entrevista conhecimento teórico-metodológico, acolhimento e empatia, bem como disponibilidade e confiança por parte de quem narra sua história.

RESUMEN Por tratarse de una técnica que privilegia la investigación del sentido, la entrevista es una de las herramientas más utilizadas en investigaciones cualitativas, configurándose necesario la reflexión sobre su uso como instrumento. El objetivo del presente artículo es discutir los desafíos para el investigador en la entrevista cualitativa y posibles impactos para el participante-entrevistado. El análisis, fundamentada en extractos de entrevistas retirados de diferentes proyectos, se centró en dos aspectos: 1. La relación entre investigador y participante y 2. Posibles implicaciones para el entrevistado. Se discute que la entrevista se constituye en el campo intersubjetivo investigador-investigado, con variabilidades e influencias contextuales que están más allá de la posibilidad de control total del investigador sobre el proceso, evidenciando el papel activo de ambos en el acontecimiento de la entrevista. Con respeto a las implicaciones, se observa que la entrevista es oportunidad de expresar experiencias no reveladas en otros contextos y que, al revisar su historia, la percepción del narrador sobre ella y sobre sí mismo puede cambiar. Estos aspectos hacen de la entrevista momento de constitución de sentidos y no mero relato, lo que puede también implicar en la movilización de afectos no elaborados. Ante estas cuestiones, se nota que la entrevista puede ofrecer concomitantemente riesgo de sufrimiento y posibilidad de resignificación para el participante. Concluimos que, tanto desde el punto de vista ético, como de la viabilidad de la investigación, es necesario al entrevistador no sólo el conocimiento teórico-metodológico, sino también acogida y empatía, y por parte del participante, disponibilidad y confianza.

ABSTRACT Since the interview is a technique that favors the investigation of meaning, it is one of the most used tools in qualitative research, requiring a study on its uses. This article aimed to discuss the challenges for the researcher in the use of the qualitative interview and possible implications for the interviewed. Our analysis, based on excerpts from interviews drawn from different research projects, focused on two aspects: 1. The relationship between researcher and participant, and 2. Possible implications for the interviewee. We argue that the researcher-participant intersubjective field constitutes the interview, with contextual variability and influences that preclude the possibility of complete control of the process by the investigator, conferring an active role to both interactors. Concerning the implications for the interviewee, we point out that the interview is an opportunity for the participant to reveal previously untold experiences, and that, by revisiting his/her history; the narrator may change his/her perspective about it and about him/herself. These aspects turn the interview into a moment of sensemaking and not a mere report, which may also imply the mobilization of unelaborated affections. Given these issues, we note that the interview may concomitantly present to the participant the risk of suffering as well as the possibility of making new understandings about their experiences. We conclude that from an ethical point of view, considering as well the viability of the research, the interviewer must display not only the required theoretical and methodological knowledge but also acceptance and empathy, whereas the participant must show availability and trust.

The positive value of moral distress.

Moral distress in healthcare has been an increasingly prevalent topic of discussion. Most authors characterize it as a negative phenomenon, while few have considered its potentially positive value. In this essay, I argue that moral distress can reveal and affirm some of our most important concerns as moral agents. Indeed, the experience of it under some circumstances appears to be partly constitutive of an honorable character and can allow for crucial moral maturation. The potentially positive value, then, is twofold; moral distress carries both aretaic and instrumental value. Granted, this position is not without its caveats, but by making these clear, I provide a novel framework for policy recommendations regarding when, if ever, we should work to reduce moral distress.

[Emotional and social robots for care, ethical challenges and issues]. / Des robots affectifs et sociaux pour le soin, enjeux et problématiques éthiques.

The arrival of robots in our society often arouses fantasies and fears. Emotional and social robots are already being used in healthcare. Ethical analysis is necessary to regulate the use of these objects which are able to simulate dialogues, appearing to feel emotions and to be capable of learning.

The Link Between Self-Dehumanization and Immoral Behavior.

People perceive morality to be distinctively human, with immorality representing a lack of full humanness. In eight experiments, we examined the link between immorality and self-dehumanization, testing both (a) the causal role of immoral behavior on self-dehumanization and (b) the causal role of self-dehumanization on immoral behavior. Studies 1a to 1d showed that people feel less human after behaving immorally and that these effects were not driven by having a negative experience but were unique to experiences of immorality (Study 1d). Studies 2a to 2c showed that self-dehumanization can lead to immoral and antisocial behavior. Study 3 highlighted how self-dehumanization can sometimes produce downward spirals of immorality, demonstrating initial unethical behavior leading to self-dehumanization, which in turn promotes continued dishonesty. These results demonstrate a clear relationship between self-dehumanization and unethical behavior, and they extend previous theorizing on dehumanization.

Buying time promotes happiness.

Around the world, increases in wealth have produced an unintended consequence: a rising sense of time scarcity. We provide evidence that using money to buy time can provide a buffer against this time famine, thereby promoting happiness. Using large, diverse samples from the United States, Canada, Denmark, and The Netherlands (n = 6,271), we show that individuals who spend money on time-saving services report greater life satisfaction. A field experiment provides causal evidence that working adults report greater happiness after spending money on a time-saving purchase than on a material purchase. Together, these results suggest that using money to buy time can protect people from the detrimental effects of time pressure on life satisfaction.

Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence.

Across five experiments, we show that dehumanization-the act of perceiving victims as not completely human-increases instrumental, but not moral, violence. In attitude surveys, ascribing reduced capacities for cognitive, experiential, and emotional states to victims predicted support for practices where victims are harmed to achieve instrumental goals, including sweatshop labor, animal experimentation, and drone strikes that result in civilian casualties, but not practices where harm is perceived as morally righteous, including capital punishment, killing in war, and drone strikes that kill terrorists. In vignette experiments, using dehumanizing compared with humanizing language increased participants' willingness to harm strangers for money, but not participants' willingness to harm strangers for their immoral behavior. Participants also spontaneously dehumanized strangers when they imagined harming them for money, but not when they imagined harming them for their immoral behavior. Finally, participants humanized strangers who were low in humanity if they imagined harming them for immoral behavior, but not money, suggesting that morally motivated perpetrators may humanize victims to justify violence against them. Our findings indicate that dehumanization enables violence that perpetrators see as unethical, but instrumentally beneficial. In contrast, dehumanization does not contribute to moral violence because morally motivated perpetrators wish to harm complete human beings who are capable of deserving blame, experiencing suffering, and understanding its meaning.

O pediatra e sua função apostólica: percepções de médicos residentes sobre suas práticas / The pediatrician and his apostolic function: perceptions of resident physicians about their practices / El pediatra y su función apostólica: percepciones de médicos residentes acerca de su práctica

Este estudo é o resultado de um trabalho pedagógico, realizado com médicos residentes em pediatria em um hospital público no Rio de Janeiro. Durante um mês os residentes se encontraram diariamente com um supervisor para uma conversa sobre as suas consultas ambulatoriais. Os sentimentos que esses atendimentos despertavam nos médicos eram trazidos para os encontros. O foco da consulta era a relação médico-paciente e os padrões defensivos dos médicos. O estudo buscou apreender as estratégias subjetivas, utilizadas pelos médicos pediatras em formação para enfrentar a sua prática clínica cotidiana. Oito residentes do primeiro ano de pediatria foram entrevistados com foco nas questões relacionadas à puericultura. Seguiu-se o Método de Explicitação do Discurso Subjacente (MEDS) no campo da pesquisa qualitativa em que as entrevistas são realizadas com uma mescla de perguntas abertas e outras específicas. Observou-se que o zelo apostólico, ou seja, os padrões defensivos dos profissionais, tal como formulado por Michael Balint, se manifesta como uma exigência acentuada sobre as mães, como uma dificuldade de conhecer a dinâmica da família. É possível que esses comportamentos estejam relacionados à excessiva idealização da mãe e da criança, como demonstrou a análise das narrativas. O trabalho direcionado para os conceitos idealizados sobre as mães e as crianças pode ajudar no arrefecimento do zelo apostólico nos profissionais em formação.

This study is the result of a pedagogical work with medical residents in pediatrics at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. The doctors met every day during a month with a supervisor to report about their daily practice. During these meetings they talked about the feelings that arouse in the doctors while they were with their patients. The focus of the consultation was directed on the doctor-patient ́s relationship and the defensive patterns doctors may have. The study seeks to learn how subjective strategies used by pediatricians in training are applied in their everyday clinical practice. Eight residents of the first year of Pediatrics were interviewed focusing on issues related to childcare. These interviews were conducted following the Underlying Discourse Unveiling Method (UDUM) in the Field of Qualitative Research in which there are both opens another specific question.It was observed that the apostolic zeal, ie,defensive patterns of professionals, as it was defined by Michael Balint, manifests itself as a strong demand on the mothers, as well as a difficulty in knowing family dynamics. It is possible that these behaviors are related to an excessive idealization of the mother and the child as demonstrated by the analysis of the narratives. The work directed towards the idealized concepts of mothers and infants may be usefin mitigating the apostolic zeal in professionals in training.

Este estudio es el resultado de un trabajo pedagógico con los médicos residentes en pediatría en un hospital público en Rio de Janeiro. Durante un mes los médicos se reunieron todos los días con un supervisor para comentar lo que había surgido en las consultas ambulatorias. En estas reuniones el tema se centró sobre los sentimientos que se despertaban en los ellos durante las mismas. El foco de la consulta estaba dirigido a la relación médico-paciente y los patrones defensivos de los médicos.El estudio examina las estrategias subjetivas utilizadas por los pediatras en formación para poder cumplir con su práctica clínica diaria. Ocho residentes del primer año de pediatría fueron entrevistados centrándose en cuestiones relacionadas con el cuidado de niños. Se ha seguido el Método de Explicación del Discurso Subyacente (MEDS) en el Campo de la Investigación Cualitativa en el cual las entrevistas se llevan a cabo con una mezcla de preguntas abiertas y otras específicas. Se observó que el celo apostólico, es decir, los patrones defensivos de los profesionales, tal como fue formulado por Michael Balint, se manifiesta como una fuerte exigencia con las madres y como una dificultad de conocer la dinámica de la familia. Es posible que estos comportamientos estén relacionados con la idealización excesiva de la madre y del niño, como lo demuestra el análisis de las narrativas. El trabajo dirigido hacia los conceptos idealizados de las madres y de los niños puede ayudar a reducir el celo apostólico en los profesionales en formación.

Mental models accurately predict emotion transitions.

Successful social interactions depend on people's ability to predict others' future actions and emotions. People possess many mechanisms for perceiving others' current emotional states, but how might they use this information to predict others' future states? We hypothesized that people might capitalize on an overlooked aspect of affective experience: current emotions predict future emotions. By attending to regularities in emotion transitions, perceivers might develop accurate mental models of others' emotional dynamics. People could then use these mental models of emotion transitions to predict others' future emotions from currently observable emotions. To test this hypothesis, studies 1-3 used data from three extant experience-sampling datasets to establish the actual rates of emotional transitions. We then collected three parallel datasets in which participants rated the transition likelihoods between the same set of emotions. Participants' ratings of emotion transitions predicted others' experienced transitional likelihoods with high accuracy. Study 4 demonstrated that four conceptual dimensions of mental state representation-valence, social impact, rationality, and human mind-inform participants' mental models. Study 5 used 2 million emotion reports on the Experience Project to replicate both of these findings: again people reported accurate models of emotion transitions, and these models were informed by the same four conceptual dimensions. Importantly, neither these conceptual dimensions nor holistic similarity could fully explain participants' accuracy, suggesting that their mental models contain accurate information about emotion dynamics above and beyond what might be predicted by static emotion knowledge alone.

Should gratitude be a requirement for access to live organ donation?

Gratitude is both expected and problematic in live organ donation. Are there grounds to require it, and to forbid access to live donor transplantation to a recipient who fails to signal that he feels any form of gratitude? Recipient gratitude is not currently required for organ donation, but it is expected and may be a moral requirement. Despite this, we argue that making it a condition for live organ transplantation would be unjustified. It would constitute a problematic and disproportionate punishment for perceived immoral behaviour on the part of the recipient. It would also bar the donor from positive aspects of organ donation that remain even in the absence of recipient gratitude. A potential recipient's lack of gratitude should be explored as a possible symptom of other morally problematic issues and integrated into the information provided to the potential donor. Recognition of the donor's gift and gratitude for it may also need to be expressed in part by others. This last aspect is relevant even in cases where the recipient feels and expresses gratitude.

Relationship between positive mental health and appreciation in Korean individuals.

Appreciation is a key component of subjective well-being and may contribute to positive mental health. Few studies have examined relationships between specific aspects of appreciation and the 3 dimensions of positive mental health, and thus, the aim of this study was to identify associations between aspects of appreciation and positive mental health. Appreciation and positive mental health were measured in 266 Korean university students (50% females) using the Appreciation Inventory and the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. The results obtained showed that Have Focus significantly predicted Emotional Well-being; Have Focus and Loss/Adversity significantly predicted Social Well-being and Have Focus, Expression and Nature/Daily Life significantly predicted Psychological Well-being. The implications of results that might enable positive mental health to be enhanced are discussed.

Moral disengagement and callous-unemotional traits: A longitudinal study of Italian adolescents with a disruptive behaviour disorder.

BACKGROUND: Callous-unemotional traits have been proposed as risk factors for a poorer prognosis in young people with disruptive behaviour disorders. Identification of factors that may cause or maintain elevated levels of such traits could help in developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Some previous studies have investigated the role of moral cognitive mechanisms, such as moral disengagement, but these previous studies focused primarily on normal or 'at-risk' samples. AIM: We aimed to evaluate associations and possible interactions between moral disengagement as a cognitive dimension and callous-unemotional traits as an affective dimension in adolescents with disruptive behaviour disorders. METHOD: We recruited 55 adolescents with a disruptive behaviour disorder from a community care hospital in Pisa. They were evaluated at baseline and after one year with measures that included a moral disengagement scale, the Antisocial Process Screening Device, to assess callous traits, and the Youth Self-Report, to explore externalising behaviour problems. RESULTS: Structural equation modelling showed that higher initial moral disengagement scores were associated with later higher levels of callous-unemotional traits in adolescents and vice versa, even after, respectively, controlling for previous levels of callous traits and moral disengagement. CONCLUSION: As impairments in either cognitive or affective traits may predispose to problematic development of the other, our findings would suggest that screening at the earliest opportunity possible for both moral disengagement and callous-unemotional traits among children with disruptive behaviour disorders could help to map natural outcome pathways and thus tailor more accurate interventions for prevention of antisocial or criminal behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Competence in chronic mental illness: the relevance of practical wisdom.

The concept of competence is central to healthcare because informed consent can only be obtained from a competent patient. The standard approach to competence focuses on cognitive abilities. Several authors have challenged this approach by emphasising the role of emotions and values. Combining cognition, emotion and values, we suggest an approach which is based on the notion of practical wisdom. This focuses on knowledge and on determining what is important in a specific situation and finding a balance between various values, which are enacted in an individual's personal life. Our approach is illustrated by two cases of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Corrupção no Brasil: uma visão da psicologia analítica / Corruption in Brazil: an Analytical Psychology view

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a corrupção em seus três diferentes, mas complementares níveis: individual, cultural e coletivo. Discutimos os complexos culturais brasileiros e traumas culturais que já foram identificados por junguianos brasileiros e que possam estar relacionados com o atual cenário político-social do país, especialmente a versão brasileira do arquétipo do trickster que parece estar oprimindo a psique brasileira, o complexo cultural do malandro, que não foi ainda analisado em detalhe. Argumenta-se também que a corrupção política deve ser vista não apenas como um ato egoísta de um indivíduo, mas de forma mais ampla, como um constructo social e também como algo relacionado à corrupção da própria natureza humana.(AU)

The objective of this research is to analyse corruption in its three different but complementary levels: individual, cultural and archetypal. I discuss the Brazilian cultural complexes and cultural traumas that were already identified by Brazilian jungians and that might be related to the current social-political scenario of the country. I argue that one of those complexes has not been completely identified yet: the Brazilian version of the trickster archetype that seems to be seizing the Brazilian psyche, the cultural complex Malandro. I also argue that political corruption must be seen not only as a selfish act of an individual, but more broadly, as a social construct and also as something related to the corruption of human nature itself. (AU)

Corrupção no Brasil: uma visão da psicologia analítica / Corruption in Brazil: an analytical psychology view

Nos últimos anos, a mídia internacional expôs vários escândalos relacionados à corrupção, que demonstraram não só a fragilidade dos sistemas políticos mas também a escala global da corrupção. A corrupção não é apenas um tema da moda, mas um fenômeno global gravíssimo que parece ter peculiaridades entre os países. No Brasil, a corrupção é um problema que oprime a sociedade, mas que parece estar diretamente relacionado à identidade coletiva do brasileiro e, para muitos, ela é intrínseca ao "jeitinho brasileiro".Apesar de a corrupção ser um assunto de discussão recorrente para diferentes campos de estudo, a maioria das teorias existentes sobre a corrupção é unilateral e parcial. Elas se concentram em apenas uma parte do problema, colocando a responsabilidade ou na falta de moralidade de brasileiros e seus políticos ou na ineficiência do sistema judiciário. A opinião do público leigo é superficial e tende a concluir de maneira projetiva que a corrupção é responsável por todos os problemas do país. A psicologia analítica pode contribuir com novas abordagens para o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção. Aplicando valores psicoterapêuticos a questões políticas, esta pesquisa pode vir a ajudar psicoterapeutas a abrir um caminho de duas vias entre "realidades internas" e o "mundo da política", como propõe Andrew Samuels. Propõe-se aqui um olhar mais atento para a relação entre a realidade interna do povo brasileiro e o mundo da política no Brasil, particularmente a corrupção brasileira...

In recent years, international media has exposed several corruption-related scandals, which have shown not only the fragility of political systems but also the global scale of corruption. Corruption is more than a trending topic, it is a global phenomenon with severe consequences that seems to have particular distinctions from country to country. For example, in Brazil, corruption is a widespread and a pressing social problem that seems to be directly connected with the Brazilian collective identity and, for many, is intrinsic to the "Brazilian way" (jeitinho brasileiro).Although corruption has been a matter of discussion for many different fields of study, most existing theories of corruption are unilateral and partial as they focus on just a part of the problem, placing the responsibility on either the lack of morality of Brazilians and their politicians, or on the inefficiency of the judicial system. People's opinion and current interpretive theories are superficial and tend to conclude that corruption is responsible for all social problems in Brazil. Analytical Psychology can contribute with new approaches to the study of the corruption phenomenon. By applying psychotherapeutic values to political issues, I believe this research can help psychotherapists to open a two-way path between "inner realities" and the "world of politics" as Andrew Samuels proposes. This research proposes a closer look at the relationship between the "inner reality" of the Brazilian people and the "world of politics" in Brazil, particularly focusing on Brazilian corruption...